A microscope is an instrument that uses optical principles to magnify tiny objects, allowing us to see details that the naked eye cannot recognize. Its basic structure includes a light source, an objective lens, an eyepiece and a stage. The light source provides illumination, the light is focused on the sample through the objective lens, and the eyepiece further magnifies the object, allowing the observer to clearly see the fine structure.

There are many types of microscopes, including optical microscopes, electron microscopes, and scanning tunneling microscopes. Optical microscopes use visible light for imaging and are suitable for viewing living cells and tissue slices, and their imaging principles are based on refraction and reflection. Through different magnification objectives, the observer can obtain different magnification effects, so as to study the structure and characteristics of the sample.

Electron microscopy, which uses electron beams instead of visible light, has a higher resolution and is able to see details at the nanometer level. This kind of microscope is particularly suitable for research in the fields of materials science and biology, and can reveal the ultrastructure of the inside of cells. For example, transmission electron microscopy can observe the internal structure of a sample, while scanning electron microscopy provides rich data for scientific research by obtaining three-dimensional morphological information on the surface of a sample.

The application field of microscope is very wide, not only limited to biology, medicine, but also includes materials science, nanotechnology, chemistry and other disciplines. Through microscopes, researchers can explore the mysteries of the microscopic world, discover the properties of new materials, study the functional changes of cells, and even observe pathological slides in medical diagnosis to help doctors better judge diseases.